76548318.2-152.2Virginia Decodedhttps://vacode.org2016Crimes And Offenses GenerallyCrimes Against PropertyComputer CrimesDefinitions; computer crimes1984, c. 751; 1999, cc. 886, 904, 905; 2000, c. 627; 2003, cc. 987, 1016; 2005, cc. 761, 812, 827; 2009, cc. 321, 376; 2010, c. 489. . . . Jan J. Rosciszewski, Assignee of Physical Dynamics, . . . 92-21221 F.3d 2251993-07-29https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/627354/jan-j-rosciszewski-assignee-of-physical-dynamics-incorporated-v-arete/ . . . right or permission." Va.Code Ann. Sec. 18.2-152.2 (Michie 1988) (emphasis omitted). Thus, under . . . Court of Appeals for the Fourth CircuitVerizon Online Services, Inc. v. RalskyCIV.A. 01-432-A203 F. Supp. 2d 6012002-06-06https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2508089/verizon-online-services-inc-v-ralsky/ . . . the Virginia Computer Crimes Act, VA. CODE § 18.2-152.2, et seq., three counts under the Federal . . . District Court, E.D. VirginiaCrystal Gail Ramsey v. Commonwealth of Virginia01231512015-12-29https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/3165911/crystal-gail-ramsey-v-commonwealth-of-virginia/ . . . such right, agreement, or permission.” . . . <abbr title="Court of Appeals">COA</abbr>Chiaphua Components Ltd. v. West Bend Co.2:00CV8595 F. Supp. 2d 5052000-04-27https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2361682/chiaphua-components-ltd-v-west-bend-co/ . . . have the same meanings as those contained in § 18.2-152.2. . . . District Court, E.D. VirginiaAitken v. Communications Workers of America1:06cv1161496 F. Supp. 2d 6532007-07-12https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2350492/aitken-v-communications-workers-of-america/ . . . performing computer operations." Va.Code § 18.2-152.2(4). And "computer operations" are broadly . . . District Court, E.D. Virginiahttp://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-152.2//18.2-152.2/18.2/5/7.1/18.2-152.215.2-21098.01-328.1For purposes of this article:section1 Computers and computer networks;section222 Financial instruments, computer data, computer programs, computer software and all other personal property regardless of whether they are:
section332 Tangible or intangible;section3a3a3 In a format readable by humans or by a computer;section3b3b3 In transit between computers or within a computer network or between any devices which comprise a computer; orsection3c3c3 Located on any paper or in any device on which it is stored by a computer or by a human; andsection3d3d3 Computer services.section442