{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/17.1-1002.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/17.1-1002.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/17.1-1002.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/17.1-1002.html"}],"law_id":349928,"edition_id":2,"section_id":349928,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1002","catch_line":"Prohibited actions; exception","history":"2018, c. 783.","full_text":"A\n\nA court reporter or court reporting services provider shall not:\n\n1\n\nEnter into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than one case, action, or legal proceeding with a party, insurance company, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding. This prohibition does not apply to a contract for the provision of court reporting services between a court reporter or court reporting services provider and an attorney or law firm that is counsel of record in one or more cases, actions, or legal proceedings;\n\n2\n\nGive an economic or other advantage to a party or a party’s attorney, representative, agent, insurer, or employee without offering the advantage to all parties or fail to offer comparable services, prices, or financial terms to all parties, except that different credit terms may be offered based on payment experience and creditworthiness;\n\n3\n\nOffer or provide court reporting services if payment for those services is made contingent on the outcome of the legal proceeding, base the compensation for the court reporting services on the outcome of the legal proceeding, or otherwise give the court reporter or court reporting services provider a financial interest in the action;\n\n4\n\nEnter into an agreement for court reporting services that restricts an attorney from using the court reporter or court reporting services provider of the attorney’s choosing;\n\n5\n\nEnter into an oral or written contractual agreement with a party, insurance company, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding to include a court reporter or court reporting services provider on a list of preferred providers of court reporting services that is maintained by a person, business, entity, or firm that has entered into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than one case, action, or legal proceeding with an attorney, party, insurance company, third-party administrator, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding. This prohibition does not apply to a contract between a court reporter or court reporting services provider and an attorney or law firm to include such court reporter or court reporting services provider on a list of preferred providers maintained by such attorney or law firm;\n\n6\n\nAllow the format, content, or body of a certified transcript as submitted by the court reporter to be manipulated in a manner that increases the cost of the transcript; or\n\n7\n\nProvide additional advocacy or litigation support services, including trial preparation assistance, deposition summaries, and nonpublished transcript databases.\n\nB\n\nNotwithstanding subsection A, if authorized or required by law, ordinance, or rule, a governmental entity may obtain court reporting services on a long-term basis through competitive bidding.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1304279,"text":"A court reporter or court reporting services provider shall not:","type":"section","prefixes":["A"],"prefix":"A","entire_prefix":"A","prefix_anchor":"A","level":1,"next_prefix":"A1"},"1":{"id":1304280,"text":"Enter into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than one case, action, or legal proceeding with a party, insurance company, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding. This prohibition does not apply to a contract for the provision of court reporting services between a court reporter or court reporting services provider and an attorney or law firm that is counsel of record in one or more cases, actions, or legal proceedings;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"A1","prefix_anchor":"A1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A","next_prefix":"A2"},"2":{"id":1304281,"text":"Give an economic or other advantage to a party or a party’s attorney, representative, agent, insurer, or employee without offering the advantage to all parties or fail to offer comparable services, prices, or financial terms to all parties, except that different credit terms may be offered based on payment experience and creditworthiness;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"A2","prefix_anchor":"A2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A1","next_prefix":"A3"},"3":{"id":1304282,"text":"Offer or provide court reporting services if payment for those services is made contingent on the outcome of the legal proceeding, base the compensation for the court reporting services on the outcome of the legal proceeding, or otherwise give the court reporter or court reporting services provider a financial interest in the action;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"A3","prefix_anchor":"A3","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A2","next_prefix":"A4"},"4":{"id":1304283,"text":"Enter into an agreement for court reporting services that restricts an attorney from using the court reporter or court reporting services provider of the attorney’s choosing;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","4"],"prefix":"4","entire_prefix":"A4","prefix_anchor":"A4","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A3","next_prefix":"A5"},"5":{"id":1304284,"text":"Enter into an oral or written contractual agreement with a party, insurance company, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding to include a court reporter or court reporting services provider on a list of preferred providers of court reporting services that is maintained by a person, business, entity, or firm that has entered into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than one case, action, or legal proceeding with an attorney, party, insurance company, third-party administrator, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding. This prohibition does not apply to a contract between a court reporter or court reporting services provider and an attorney or law firm to include such court reporter or court reporting services provider on a list of preferred providers maintained by such attorney or law firm;","type":"section","prefixes":["A","5"],"prefix":"5","entire_prefix":"A5","prefix_anchor":"A5","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A4","next_prefix":"A6"},"6":{"id":1304285,"text":"Allow the format, content, or body of a certified transcript as submitted by the court reporter to be manipulated in a manner that increases the cost of the transcript; or","type":"section","prefixes":["A","6"],"prefix":"6","entire_prefix":"A6","prefix_anchor":"A6","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A5","next_prefix":"A7"},"7":{"id":1304286,"text":"Provide additional advocacy or litigation support services, including trial preparation assistance, deposition summaries, and nonpublished transcript databases.","type":"section","prefixes":["A","7"],"prefix":"7","entire_prefix":"A7","prefix_anchor":"A7","level":2,"prior_prefix":"A6","next_prefix":"B"},"8":{"id":1304287,"text":"Notwithstanding subsection A, if authorized or required by law, ordinance, or rule, a governmental entity may obtain court reporting services on a long-term basis through competitive bidding.","type":"section","prefixes":["B"],"prefix":"B","entire_prefix":"B","prefix_anchor":"B","level":1,"prior_prefix":"A7"}},"ancestry":[{"id":50107,"edition_id":2,"name":"Court Reporters","identifier":"10","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":10,"parent_id":50105,"metadata":{"child_laws":6,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:16","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:15","permalink":{"id":1389937,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50107,"identifier":"10","token":"17.1\/10","url":"\/17.1\/10\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50105,"edition_id":2,"name":"Courts of Record","identifier":"17.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":50,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":322,"child_structures":25},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:16","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:09","permalink":{"id":1389801,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50105,"identifier":"17.1","token":"17.1","url":"\/17.1\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":349926,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1000","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/17.1-1000\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1000","metadata":false},{"id":349927,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1001","catch_line":"Applicability; waiver","url":"\/17.1-1001\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1001","metadata":false},{"id":349928,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1002","catch_line":"Prohibited actions; exception","url":"\/17.1-1002\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1002","metadata":false},{"id":349929,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1003","catch_line":"Comparable treatment of parties","url":"\/17.1-1003\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1003","metadata":false},{"id":349930,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1004","catch_line":"Pro bono services","url":"\/17.1-1004\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1004","metadata":false},{"id":349931,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1005","catch_line":"Penalties","url":"\/17.1-1005\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1005","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":349927,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1001","catch_line":"Applicability; waiver","url":"\/17.1-1001\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1001","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":349929,"structure_id":50107,"section_number":"17.1-1003","catch_line":"Comparable treatment of parties","url":"\/17.1-1003\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1003","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/17.1-1002\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2018. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 783<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":1389947,"object_type":"law","relational_id":349928,"identifier":"17.1-1002","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1002","url":"\/17.1-1002\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/17.1-1002\/","token":"17.1\/10\/17.1-1002","dublin_core":{"Title":"Prohibited actions; exception","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 17.1-1002","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

A.<\/span> A court reporter<\/span> or court reporting services provider<\/span> shall not: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> Enter into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than one case, action, or legal proceeding<\/span> with a party<\/span>, insurance company, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding<\/span>. This prohibition does not apply to a contract<\/span> for the provision of court reporting services<\/span> between a court reporter<\/span> or court reporting services provider<\/span> and an attorney or law<\/span> firm that is counsel<\/span> of record in one or more cases, actions, or legal proceedings<\/span>; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Give an economic or other advantage to a party<\/span> or a party<\/span>’s attorney, representative, agent, insurer, or employee without offering the advantage to all parties or fail to offer comparable services, prices, or financial terms to all parties, except that different credit terms may be offered based on payment experience and creditworthiness; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

3.<\/span> Offer or provide court reporting services<\/span> if payment for those services is made contingent on the outcome of the legal proceeding<\/span>, base the compensation for the court reporting services<\/span> on the outcome of the legal proceeding<\/span>, or otherwise give the court reporter<\/span> or court reporting services provider<\/span> a financial interest in the action; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

4.<\/span> Enter into an agreement for court reporting services<\/span> that restricts an attorney from using the court reporter<\/span> or court reporting services provider<\/span> of the attorney’s choosing; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

5.<\/span> Enter into an oral or written contractual agreement with a party<\/span>, insurance company, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding<\/span> to include a court reporter<\/span> or court reporting services provider<\/span> on a list of preferred providers of court reporting services<\/span> that is maintained by a person, business, entity, or firm that has entered into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than one case, action, or legal proceeding<\/span> with an attorney, party<\/span>, insurance company, third-party<\/span> administrator, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding<\/span>. This prohibition does not apply to a contract<\/span> between a court reporter<\/span> or court reporting services provider<\/span> and an attorney or law<\/span> firm to include such court reporter<\/span> or court reporting services provider<\/span> on a list of preferred providers maintained by such attorney or law<\/span> firm; <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

6.<\/span> Allow the format, content, or body of a certified transcript<\/span> as submitted by the court reporter<\/span> to be manipulated in a manner that increases the cost of the transcript<\/span>; or <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

7.<\/span> Provide additional advocacy or litigation<\/span> support services, including trial<\/span> preparation assistance, deposition<\/span> summaries, and nonpublished transcript<\/span> databases. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

B.<\/span> Notwithstanding subsection A, if authorized or required by law<\/span>, ordinance<\/span>, or rule, a governmental entity may obtain court reporting services<\/span> on a long-term basis through competitive bidding. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPROHIBITED ACTIONS; EXCEPTION (\u00a7 17.1-1002)\n\nA. A court reporter or court reporting services provider shall not:\n\n 1. Enter into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than one case,\n action, or legal proceeding with a party, insurance company, or any other\n person or entity that has a financial interest in the case, action, or legal\n proceeding. This prohibition does not apply to a contract for the provision of\n court reporting services between a court reporter or court reporting services\n provider and an attorney or law firm that is counsel of record in one or more\n cases, actions, or legal proceedings;\n\n 2. Give an economic or other advantage to a party or a party’s attorney,\n representative, agent, insurer, or employee without offering the advantage to\n all parties or fail to offer comparable services, prices, or financial terms\n to all parties, except that different credit terms may be offered based on\n payment experience and creditworthiness;\n\n 3. Offer or provide court reporting services if payment for those services is\n made contingent on the outcome of the legal proceeding, base the compensation\n for the court reporting services on the outcome of the legal proceeding, or\n otherwise give the court reporter or court reporting services provider a\n financial interest in the action;\n\n 4. Enter into an agreement for court reporting services that restricts an\n attorney from using the court reporter or court reporting services provider of\n the attorney’s choosing;\n\n 5. Enter into an oral or written contractual agreement with a party, insurance\n company, or any other person or entity that has a financial interest in the\n case, action, or legal proceeding to include a court reporter or court\n reporting services provider on a list of preferred providers of court\n reporting services that is maintained by a person, business, entity, or firm\n that has entered into an oral or written contractual agreement for more than\n one case, action, or legal proceeding with an attorney, party, insurance\n company, third-party administrator, or any other person or entity that has a\n financial interest in the case, action, or legal proceeding. This prohibition\n does not apply to a contract between a court reporter or court reporting\n services provider and an attorney or law firm to include such court reporter\n or court reporting services provider on a list of preferred providers\n maintained by such attorney or law firm;\n\n 6. Allow the format, content, or body of a certified transcript as submitted\n by the court reporter to be manipulated in a manner that increases the cost of\n the transcript; or\n\n 7. Provide additional advocacy or litigation support services, including trial\n preparation assistance, deposition summaries, and nonpublished transcript\n databases.\n\nB. Notwithstanding subsection A, if authorized or required by law, ordinance, or\nrule, a governmental entity may obtain court reporting services on a long-term\nbasis through competitive bidding.\n\nHISTORY: 2018, c. 783.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}