{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/18.2-152.3.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/18.2-152.3.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/18.2-152.3.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/18.2-152.3.html"}],"law_id":350347,"edition_id":2,"section_id":350347,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.3","catch_line":"Computer fraud; penalty","history":"1984, c. 751; 1985, c. 322; 2003, cc. 987, 1016; 2005, cc. 747, 761, 827, 837; 2018, cc. 764, 765; 2020, cc. 89, 401.","full_text":"Any person who uses a computer or computer network, without authority and:\n\n1\n\nObtains property or services by false pretenses;\n\n2\n\nEmbezzles or commits larceny; or\n\n3\n\nConverts the property of another;\n\t\t\tis guilty of the crime of computer fraud.\n\n\t\t\tIf the value of the property or services obtained is $1,000 or more, the crime of computer fraud shall be punishable as a Class 5 felony. Where the value of the property or services obtained is less than $1,000, the crime of computer fraud shall be punishable as a Class 1 misdemeanor.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1305354,"text":"Any person who uses a computer or computer network, without authority and:","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1,"next_prefix":"1"},"1":{"id":1305355,"text":"Obtains property or services by false pretenses;","type":"section","prefixes":["1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"1","prefix_anchor":"1","level":1,"prior_prefix":"","next_prefix":"2"},"2":{"id":1305356,"text":"Embezzles or commits larceny; or","type":"section","prefixes":["2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"2","prefix_anchor":"2","level":1,"prior_prefix":"1","next_prefix":"3"},"3":{"id":1305357,"text":"Converts the property of another;\n\t\t\tis guilty of the crime of computer fraud.\t\t\tIf the value of the property or services obtained is $1,000 or more, the crime of computer fraud shall be punishable as a Class 5 felony. Where the value of the property or services obtained is less than $1,000, the crime of computer fraud shall be punishable as a Class 1 misdemeanor.","type":"section","prefixes":["3"],"prefix":"3","entire_prefix":"3","prefix_anchor":"3","level":1,"prior_prefix":"2"}},"ancestry":[{"id":50141,"edition_id":2,"name":"Computer Crimes","identifier":"7.1","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":8,"parent_id":50135,"metadata":{"child_laws":19,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:23:11","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:18","permalink":{"id":1392761,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50141,"identifier":"7.1","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1","url":"\/18.2\/5\/7.1\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50135,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes Against Property","identifier":"5","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":5,"parent_id":50131,"metadata":{"child_laws":153,"child_structures":10},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:59","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:17","permalink":{"id":1392301,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50135,"identifier":"5","token":"18.2\/5","url":"\/18.2\/5\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50131,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes and Offenses Generally","identifier":"18.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":52,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":960,"child_structures":94},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:59","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:15","permalink":{"id":1391141,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50131,"identifier":"18.2","token":"18.2","url":"\/18.2\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":350338,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.1","catch_line":"Short title","url":"\/18.2-152.1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.1","metadata":false},{"id":350339,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.11","catch_line":"Article not exclusive","url":"\/18.2-152.11\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.11","metadata":false},{"id":350340,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.12","catch_line":"Civil relief; damages","url":"\/18.2-152.12\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.12","metadata":false},{"id":350341,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.13","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/18.2-152.13\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.13","metadata":false},{"id":350342,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.14","catch_line":"Computer as instrument of forgery","url":"\/18.2-152.14\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.14","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Campbell v. Commonwealth","case_number":"Record 921406","citation":"431 S.E.2d 648","date":"1993-06-11","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1364586\/campbell-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 431 S.E.2d 648 (1993) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"}}}},{"id":350343,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.15","catch_line":"Encryption used in criminal activity","url":"\/18.2-152.15\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.15","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Maxient, LLC v. Symplicity Corp.","case_number":"Civil Action No. 1:14-cv-1184 (AJT\/IDD)","citation":"63 F. Supp. 3d 592","date":"2014-10-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7310209\/maxient-llc-v-symplicity-corp\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. MEMORANDUM OPINION .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},{"id":350344,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.16","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/18.2-152.16\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.16","metadata":false},{"id":350346,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.2","catch_line":"Definitions; computer crimes","url":"\/18.2-152.2\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.2","metadata":false},{"id":350347,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.3","catch_line":"Computer fraud; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.3\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.3","metadata":false},{"id":350348,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.3:1","catch_line":"Transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail (spam); penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.3_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.3_1","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Jaynes v. Com.","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"666 S.E.2d 303","date":"2008-09-12","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1058457\/jaynes-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 666 S.E.2d 303 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"1":{"name":"Jaynes v. Commonwealth","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"662 S.E.2d 502","date":"2008-05-19","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1208176\/jaynes-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 662 S.E.2d 502 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"2":{"name":"Jaynes v. Com.","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"657 S.E.2d 478","date":"2008-02-29","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1374657\/jaynes-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 657 S.E.2d 478 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"3":{"name":"Jaynes v. Commonwealth","case_number":"1054054","citation":"634 S.E.2d 357","date":"2006-09-05","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1063170\/jaynes-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 634 S.E.2d 357 (2006) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"4":{"name":"Maxient, LLC v. Symplicity Corp.","case_number":"Civil Action No. 1:14-cv-1184 (AJT\/IDD)","citation":"63 F. Supp. 3d 592","date":"2014-10-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7310209\/maxient-llc-v-symplicity-corp\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. MEMORANDUM OPINION .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"},"5":{"name":"Aitken v. Communications Workers of America","case_number":"1:06cv1161","citation":"496 F. Supp. 2d 653","date":"2007-07-12","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2350492\/aitken-v-communications-workers-of-america\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 496 F.Supp.2d 653 (2007) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},{"id":350349,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.4","catch_line":"Computer trespass; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.4\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.4","metadata":false},{"id":350350,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.5","catch_line":"Computer invasion of privacy; penalties","url":"\/18.2-152.5\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.5","metadata":false},{"id":350351,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.5:1","catch_line":"Using a computer to gather identifying information; penalties","url":"\/18.2-152.5_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.5_1","metadata":false},{"id":350352,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.6","catch_line":"Theft of computer services; penalties","url":"\/18.2-152.6\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.6","metadata":false},{"id":350353,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7","catch_line":"Personal trespass by computer; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.7\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7","metadata":false},{"id":350354,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7:1","catch_line":"Harassment by computer; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.7_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7_1","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Richard Turner Moter v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1301112","citation":"61 Va. App. 471","date":"2013-02-19","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1061471\/richard-turner-moter-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. KELSEY, Judge. .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"1":{"name":"Cody W. Brewer v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1665182","citation":null,"date":"2020-03-10","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/4733874\/cody-w-brewer-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"2":{"name":"Barson v. Com.","case_number":"111406","citation":"726 S.E.2d 292","date":"2012-06-07","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1057880\/barson-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 726 S.E.2d 292 (2012) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"3":{"name":"Barson v. Commonwealth","case_number":"2464091","citation":"711 S.E.2d 220","date":"2011-07-05","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1061920\/barson-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 711 S.E.2d 220 (2011) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"4":{"name":"United States v. Williams","case_number":"08-5000","citation":"592 F.3d 511","date":"2010-01-21","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1031286\/united-states-v-williams\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 592 F.3d 511 (2010) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"},"5":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2023-03-28","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9387189\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. VIRGINIA: .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"6":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2023-02-28","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9380130\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"7":{"name":"Miller v. Washington Workplace, Inc.","case_number":"CIV.03-1110-A","citation":"298 F. Supp. 2d 364","date":"2004-01-08","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2564424\/miller-v-washington-workplace-inc\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 298 F.Supp.2d 364 (2004) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"},"8":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2024-01-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9468167\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"9":{"name":"Steele v. Goodman","case_number":"Civil Action No. 3:17cv601","citation":"382 F. Supp. 3d 403","date":"2019-03-31","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7336073\/steele-v-goodman\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. M. Hannah Lauck, United States District Judge .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},{"id":350355,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7:2","catch_line":"Using computer to commit a scheme involving false representations; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.7_2\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7_2","metadata":false},{"id":350356,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.8","catch_line":"Property capable of embezzlement","url":"\/18.2-152.8\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.8","metadata":false},{"id":350357,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.9","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/18.2-152.9\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":350346,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.2","catch_line":"Definitions; computer crimes","url":"\/18.2-152.2\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.2","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":350348,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.3:1","catch_line":"Transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail (spam); penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.3_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.3_1","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Jaynes v. Com.","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"666 S.E.2d 303","date":"2008-09-12","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1058457\/jaynes-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 666 S.E.2d 303 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"1":{"name":"Jaynes v. Commonwealth","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"662 S.E.2d 502","date":"2008-05-19","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1208176\/jaynes-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 662 S.E.2d 502 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"2":{"name":"Jaynes v. Com.","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"657 S.E.2d 478","date":"2008-02-29","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1374657\/jaynes-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 657 S.E.2d 478 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"3":{"name":"Jaynes v. Commonwealth","case_number":"1054054","citation":"634 S.E.2d 357","date":"2006-09-05","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1063170\/jaynes-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 634 S.E.2d 357 (2006) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"4":{"name":"Maxient, LLC v. Symplicity Corp.","case_number":"Civil Action No. 1:14-cv-1184 (AJT\/IDD)","citation":"63 F. Supp. 3d 592","date":"2014-10-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7310209\/maxient-llc-v-symplicity-corp\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. MEMORANDUM OPINION .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"},"5":{"name":"Aitken v. Communications Workers of America","case_number":"1:06cv1161","citation":"496 F. Supp. 2d 653","date":"2007-07-12","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2350492\/aitken-v-communications-workers-of-america\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 496 F.Supp.2d 653 (2007) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/18.2-152.3\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 1984. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 751 of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. Unfortunately, the 1984 \u201cActs\u201d aren\u2019t available online. It has been modified 5 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 1985, chapter 322; in 2003, chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?031+ful+CHAP0987\">987<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?031+ful+CHAP1016\">1016<\/a>; in 2005, chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0747\">747<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0761\">761<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0827\">827<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?051+ful+CHAP0837\">837<\/a>; in 2018, chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?181+ful+CHAP0764\">764<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?181+ful+CHAP0765\">765<\/a>; in 2020, chapters <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?201+ful+CHAP0089\">89<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?201+ful+CHAP0401\">401<\/a>.<\/p>","references":[{"id":351921,"section_number":"19.2-70.3","catch_line":"Obtaining records concerning electronic communication service or remote computing service","order_by":null,"url":"\/19.2-70.3\/"}],"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":1392795,"object_type":"law","relational_id":350347,"identifier":"18.2-152.3","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.3","url":"\/18.2-152.3\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/18.2-152.3\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.3","dublin_core":{"Title":"Computer fraud; penalty","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 18.2-152.3","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>Any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> who uses a computer or <span class=\"dictionary\">computer network<\/span>, without authority and:<\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"1\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">1.<\/span> Obtains property or services by <span class=\"dictionary\">false pretenses<\/span>; <a id=\"paragraph-1305355\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/18.2-152.3\/#1\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"2\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">2.<\/span> Embezzles or commits <span class=\"dictionary\">larceny<\/span>; or <a id=\"paragraph-1305356\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/18.2-152.3\/#2\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section id=\"3\"><p><span class=\"prefix-number\">3.<\/span> Converts the property of another;\n\t\t\tis guilty of the <span class=\"dictionary\">crime<\/span> of computer <span class=\"dictionary\">fraud<\/span>.<br \/><br \/>\t\t\tIf the value of the property or services obtained is $1,000 or more, the <span class=\"dictionary\">crime<\/span> of computer <span class=\"dictionary\">fraud<\/span> shall be punishable as a Class 5 <span class=\"dictionary\">felony<\/span>. Where the value of the property or services obtained is less than $1,000, the <span class=\"dictionary\">crime<\/span> of computer <span class=\"dictionary\">fraud<\/span> shall be punishable as a Class 1 <span class=\"dictionary\">misdemeanor<\/span>. <a id=\"paragraph-1305357\" class=\"section-permalink\" href=\"https:\/\/vacode.org\/18.2-152.3\/#3\"><i class=\"fa fa-link\"><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nCOMPUTER FRAUD; PENALTY (\u00a7 18.2-152.3)\n\nAny person who uses a computer or computer network, without authority and:\n\n1. Obtains property or services by false pretenses;\n\n2. Embezzles or commits larceny; or\n\n3. Converts the property of another;\n\t\t\tis guilty of the crime of computer fraud.\t\t\tIf the value of the property or\nservices obtained is $1,000 or more, the crime of computer fraud shall be\npunishable as a Class 5 felony. Where the value of the property or services\nobtained is less than $1,000, the crime of computer fraud shall be punishable as\na Class 1 misdemeanor.\n\nHISTORY: 1984, c. 751; 1985, c. 322; 2003, cc. 987, 1016; 2005, cc. 747, 761,\n827, 837; 2018, cc. 764, 765; 2020, cc. 89, 401.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}