{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/18.2-152.7_2.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/18.2-152.7_2.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/18.2-152.7_2.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/18.2-152.7_2.html"}],"law_id":350355,"edition_id":2,"section_id":350355,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7:2","catch_line":"Using computer to commit a scheme involving false representations; penalty","history":"2020, c. 1178.","full_text":"Any person who, without the intent to receive any direct or indirect benefit, maliciously sends an electronically transmitted communication containing a false representation intended to cause another person to spend money, and such false representation causes such person to spend money, is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1305388,"text":"Any person who, without the intent to receive any direct or indirect benefit, maliciously sends an electronically transmitted communication containing a false representation intended to cause another person to spend money, and such false representation causes such person to spend money, is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":50141,"edition_id":2,"name":"Computer Crimes","identifier":"7.1","label":"article","depth":3,"order_by":8,"parent_id":50135,"metadata":{"child_laws":19,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:23:11","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:18","permalink":{"id":1392761,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50141,"identifier":"7.1","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1","url":"\/18.2\/5\/7.1\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50135,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes Against Property","identifier":"5","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":5,"parent_id":50131,"metadata":{"child_laws":153,"child_structures":10},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:59","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:17","permalink":{"id":1392301,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50135,"identifier":"5","token":"18.2\/5","url":"\/18.2\/5\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":50131,"edition_id":2,"name":"Crimes and Offenses Generally","identifier":"18.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":52,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":960,"child_structures":94},"date_created":"2026-08-02 02:22:59","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:30:15","permalink":{"id":1391141,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":50131,"identifier":"18.2","token":"18.2","url":"\/18.2\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":350338,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.1","catch_line":"Short title","url":"\/18.2-152.1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.1","metadata":false},{"id":350339,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.11","catch_line":"Article not exclusive","url":"\/18.2-152.11\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.11","metadata":false},{"id":350340,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.12","catch_line":"Civil relief; damages","url":"\/18.2-152.12\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.12","metadata":false},{"id":350341,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.13","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/18.2-152.13\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.13","metadata":false},{"id":350342,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.14","catch_line":"Computer as instrument of forgery","url":"\/18.2-152.14\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.14","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Campbell v. Commonwealth","case_number":"Record 921406","citation":"431 S.E.2d 648","date":"1993-06-11","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1364586\/campbell-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 431 S.E.2d 648 (1993) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"}}}},{"id":350343,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.15","catch_line":"Encryption used in criminal activity","url":"\/18.2-152.15\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.15","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Maxient, LLC v. Symplicity Corp.","case_number":"Civil Action No. 1:14-cv-1184 (AJT\/IDD)","citation":"63 F. Supp. 3d 592","date":"2014-10-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7310209\/maxient-llc-v-symplicity-corp\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. MEMORANDUM OPINION .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},{"id":350344,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.16","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/18.2-152.16\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.16","metadata":false},{"id":350346,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.2","catch_line":"Definitions; computer crimes","url":"\/18.2-152.2\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.2","metadata":false},{"id":350347,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.3","catch_line":"Computer fraud; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.3\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.3","metadata":false},{"id":350348,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.3:1","catch_line":"Transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail (spam); penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.3_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.3_1","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Jaynes v. Com.","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"666 S.E.2d 303","date":"2008-09-12","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1058457\/jaynes-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 666 S.E.2d 303 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"1":{"name":"Jaynes v. Commonwealth","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"662 S.E.2d 502","date":"2008-05-19","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1208176\/jaynes-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 662 S.E.2d 502 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"2":{"name":"Jaynes v. Com.","case_number":"Record 062388.","citation":"657 S.E.2d 478","date":"2008-02-29","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1374657\/jaynes-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 657 S.E.2d 478 (2008) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"3":{"name":"Jaynes v. Commonwealth","case_number":"1054054","citation":"634 S.E.2d 357","date":"2006-09-05","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1063170\/jaynes-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 634 S.E.2d 357 (2006) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"4":{"name":"Maxient, LLC v. Symplicity Corp.","case_number":"Civil Action No. 1:14-cv-1184 (AJT\/IDD)","citation":"63 F. Supp. 3d 592","date":"2014-10-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7310209\/maxient-llc-v-symplicity-corp\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. MEMORANDUM OPINION .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"},"5":{"name":"Aitken v. Communications Workers of America","case_number":"1:06cv1161","citation":"496 F. Supp. 2d 653","date":"2007-07-12","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2350492\/aitken-v-communications-workers-of-america\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 496 F.Supp.2d 653 (2007) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},{"id":350349,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.4","catch_line":"Computer trespass; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.4\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.4","metadata":false},{"id":350350,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.5","catch_line":"Computer invasion of privacy; penalties","url":"\/18.2-152.5\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.5","metadata":false},{"id":350351,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.5:1","catch_line":"Using a computer to gather identifying information; penalties","url":"\/18.2-152.5_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.5_1","metadata":false},{"id":350352,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.6","catch_line":"Theft of computer services; penalties","url":"\/18.2-152.6\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.6","metadata":false},{"id":350353,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7","catch_line":"Personal trespass by computer; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.7\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7","metadata":false},{"id":350354,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7:1","catch_line":"Harassment by computer; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.7_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7_1","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Richard Turner Moter v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1301112","citation":"61 Va. App. 471","date":"2013-02-19","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1061471\/richard-turner-moter-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. KELSEY, Judge. .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"1":{"name":"Cody W. Brewer v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1665182","citation":null,"date":"2020-03-10","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/4733874\/cody-w-brewer-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"2":{"name":"Barson v. Com.","case_number":"111406","citation":"726 S.E.2d 292","date":"2012-06-07","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1057880\/barson-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 726 S.E.2d 292 (2012) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"3":{"name":"Barson v. Commonwealth","case_number":"2464091","citation":"711 S.E.2d 220","date":"2011-07-05","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1061920\/barson-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 711 S.E.2d 220 (2011) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"4":{"name":"United States v. Williams","case_number":"08-5000","citation":"592 F.3d 511","date":"2010-01-21","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1031286\/united-states-v-williams\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 592 F.3d 511 (2010) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"},"5":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2023-03-28","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9387189\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. VIRGINIA: .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"6":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2023-02-28","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9380130\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"7":{"name":"Miller v. Washington Workplace, Inc.","case_number":"CIV.03-1110-A","citation":"298 F. Supp. 2d 364","date":"2004-01-08","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2564424\/miller-v-washington-workplace-inc\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 298 F.Supp.2d 364 (2004) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"},"8":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2024-01-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9468167\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"9":{"name":"Steele v. Goodman","case_number":"Civil Action No. 3:17cv601","citation":"382 F. Supp. 3d 403","date":"2019-03-31","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7336073\/steele-v-goodman\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. M. Hannah Lauck, United States District Judge .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},{"id":350355,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7:2","catch_line":"Using computer to commit a scheme involving false representations; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.7_2\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7_2","metadata":false},{"id":350356,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.8","catch_line":"Property capable of embezzlement","url":"\/18.2-152.8\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.8","metadata":false},{"id":350357,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.9","catch_line":"Repealed","url":"\/18.2-152.9\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.9","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":350354,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.7:1","catch_line":"Harassment by computer; penalty","url":"\/18.2-152.7_1\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7_1","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Richard Turner Moter v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1301112","citation":"61 Va. App. 471","date":"2013-02-19","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1061471\/richard-turner-moter-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. KELSEY, Judge. .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"1":{"name":"Cody W. Brewer v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1665182","citation":null,"date":"2020-03-10","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/4733874\/cody-w-brewer-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"2":{"name":"Barson v. Com.","case_number":"111406","citation":"726 S.E.2d 292","date":"2012-06-07","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1057880\/barson-v-com\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 726 S.E.2d 292 (2012) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"3":{"name":"Barson v. Commonwealth","case_number":"2464091","citation":"711 S.E.2d 220","date":"2011-07-05","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1061920\/barson-v-commonwealth\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 711 S.E.2d 220 (2011) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"4":{"name":"United States v. Williams","case_number":"08-5000","citation":"592 F.3d 511","date":"2010-01-21","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1031286\/united-states-v-williams\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 592 F.3d 511 (2010) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"},"5":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2023-03-28","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9387189\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. VIRGINIA: .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"6":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2023-02-28","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9380130\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"7":{"name":"Miller v. Washington Workplace, Inc.","case_number":"CIV.03-1110-A","citation":"298 F. Supp. 2d 364","date":"2004-01-08","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2564424\/miller-v-washington-workplace-inc\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 298 F.Supp.2d 364 (2004) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"},"8":{"name":"Taylor Amil Wallace v. Commonwealth of Virginia","case_number":"1040211","citation":null,"date":"2024-01-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/9468167\/taylor-amil-wallace-v-commonwealth-of-virginia\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Court of Appeals\">COA<\/abbr>"},"9":{"name":"Steele v. Goodman","case_number":"Civil Action No. 3:17cv601","citation":"382 F. Supp. 3d 403","date":"2019-03-31","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/7336073\/steele-v-goodman\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. M. Hannah Lauck, United States District Judge .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"District Court, E.D. Virginia"}}}},"next_section":{"id":350356,"structure_id":50141,"section_number":"18.2-152.8","catch_line":"Property capable of embezzlement","url":"\/18.2-152.8\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.8","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/18.2-152.7:2\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 2020. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?201+ful+CHAP1178\">1178<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":1392827,"object_type":"law","relational_id":350355,"identifier":"18.2-152.7:2","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7_2","url":"\/18.2-152.7_2\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/18.2-152.7_2\/","token":"18.2\/5\/7.1\/18.2-152.7_2","dublin_core":{"Title":"Using computer to commit a scheme involving false representations; penalty","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 18.2-152.7:2","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>Any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> who, without the <span class=\"dictionary\">intent<\/span> to receive any direct or indirect benefit, maliciously sends an electronically transmitted communication containing a false representation intended to cause another <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> to spend money, and such false representation causes such <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> to spend money, is guilty of a Class 1 <span class=\"dictionary\">misdemeanor<\/span>.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nUSING COMPUTER TO COMMIT A SCHEME INVOLVING FALSE REPRESENTATIONS; PENALTY (\u00a7\n18.2-152.7:2)\n\nAny person who, without the intent to receive any direct or indirect benefit,\nmaliciously sends an electronically transmitted communication containing a false\nrepresentation intended to cause another person to spend money, and such false\nrepresentation causes such person to spend money, is guilty of a Class 1\nmisdemeanor.\n\nHISTORY: 2020, c. 1178.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}