{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/59.1-481.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/59.1-481.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/59.1-481.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/59.1-481.html"}],"law_id":373196,"edition_id":2,"section_id":373196,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-481","catch_line":"Scope","history":"2000, c. 995; 2001, c. 86; 2003, c. 353; 2011, c. 369.","full_text":"a\n\nExcept as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.\n\nb\n\nThis chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by:\n\n1\n\nA law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; and\n\n2\n\nTitle 8.1A except § 8.1A-306, Title 8.3A, Title 8.4, Title 8.4A, Title 8.5A, Title 8.7, Title 8.8A, Title 8.9A, Title 8.10, and Title 8.11.\n\nc\n\nThis chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by law other than those specified in subsection (b).\n\nd\n\nA transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1392298,"text":"Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.","type":"section","prefixes":["a"],"prefix":"a","entire_prefix":"a","prefix_anchor":"a","level":1,"next_prefix":"b"},"1":{"id":1392299,"text":"This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by:","type":"section","prefixes":["b"],"prefix":"b","entire_prefix":"b","prefix_anchor":"b","level":1,"prior_prefix":"a","next_prefix":"b1"},"2":{"id":1392300,"text":"A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; and","type":"section","prefixes":["b","1"],"prefix":"1","entire_prefix":"b1","prefix_anchor":"b1","level":2,"prior_prefix":"b","next_prefix":"b2"},"3":{"id":1392301,"text":"Title 8.1A except § 8.1A-306, Title 8.3A, Title 8.4, Title 8.4A, Title 8.5A, Title 8.7, Title 8.8A, Title 8.9A, Title 8.10, and Title 8.11.","type":"section","prefixes":["b","2"],"prefix":"2","entire_prefix":"b2","prefix_anchor":"b2","level":2,"prior_prefix":"b1","next_prefix":"c"},"4":{"id":1392302,"text":"This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by law other than those specified in subsection (b).","type":"section","prefixes":["c"],"prefix":"c","entire_prefix":"c","prefix_anchor":"c","level":1,"prior_prefix":"b2","next_prefix":"d"},"5":{"id":1392303,"text":"A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.","type":"section","prefixes":["d"],"prefix":"d","entire_prefix":"d","prefix_anchor":"d","level":1,"prior_prefix":"c"}},"ancestry":[{"id":53118,"edition_id":2,"name":"Uniform Electronic Transactions Act","identifier":"42.1","label":"chapter","depth":2,"order_by":79,"parent_id":53010,"metadata":{"child_laws":20,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 03:11:03","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:36:34","permalink":{"id":1488805,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":53118,"identifier":"42.1","token":"59.1\/42.1","url":"\/59.1\/42.1\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":53010,"edition_id":2,"name":"Trade and Commerce","identifier":"59.1","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":127,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":861,"child_structures":141},"date_created":"2026-08-02 03:09:52","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:36:19","permalink":{"id":1486523,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":53010,"identifier":"59.1","token":"59.1","url":"\/59.1\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":373194,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-479","catch_line":"Title","url":"\/59.1-479\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-479","metadata":false},{"id":373195,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-480","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/59.1-480\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-480","metadata":false},{"id":373196,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-481","catch_line":"Scope","url":"\/59.1-481\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-481","metadata":false},{"id":373197,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-482","catch_line":"Prospective application","url":"\/59.1-482\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-482","metadata":false},{"id":373198,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-483","catch_line":"Use of electronic records and electronic signatures; variation by agreement","url":"\/59.1-483\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-483","metadata":false},{"id":373199,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-484","catch_line":"Construction and application","url":"\/59.1-484\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-484","metadata":false},{"id":373200,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-485","catch_line":"Legal recognition of electronic records, electronic signatures, and electronic contracts","url":"\/59.1-485\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-485","metadata":false},{"id":373201,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-486","catch_line":"Provision of information in writing; presentation of records","url":"\/59.1-486\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-486","metadata":false},{"id":373202,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-487","catch_line":"Attribution and effect of electronic record and electronic signature","url":"\/59.1-487\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-487","metadata":false},{"id":373203,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-488","catch_line":"Effect of change or error","url":"\/59.1-488\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-488","metadata":false},{"id":373204,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-489","catch_line":"Notarization and acknowledgment","url":"\/59.1-489\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-489","metadata":false},{"id":373205,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-490","catch_line":"Retention of electronic record","url":"\/59.1-490\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-490","metadata":false},{"id":373206,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-491","catch_line":"Admissibility of evidence","url":"\/59.1-491\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-491","metadata":{"court_decisions":""}},{"id":373207,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-492","catch_line":"Automated transactions","url":"\/59.1-492\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-492","metadata":false},{"id":373208,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-493","catch_line":"Time and place of sending and receipt","url":"\/59.1-493\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-493","metadata":false},{"id":373209,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-494","catch_line":"Transferable records","url":"\/59.1-494\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-494","metadata":{"court_decisions":""}},{"id":373210,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-495","catch_line":"Creation and retention of electronic records and conversion of written records by public bodies of the Commonwealth","url":"\/59.1-495\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-495","metadata":false},{"id":373211,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-496","catch_line":"Acceptance and distribution of electronic records by public bodies; electronic filing of information permitted","url":"\/59.1-496\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-496","metadata":false},{"id":373212,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-497","catch_line":"Interoperability","url":"\/59.1-497\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-497","metadata":false},{"id":373213,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-498","catch_line":"Reserved","url":"\/59.1-498\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-498","metadata":{"court_decisions":""}}],"previous_section":{"id":373195,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-480","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/59.1-480\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-480","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":373197,"structure_id":53118,"section_number":"59.1-482","catch_line":"Prospective application","url":"\/59.1-482\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-482","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/59.1-481\/","history_text":"

This law was first created in 2000. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter 995<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 3 times. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. Those modifications are as follows: in 2001, chapter 86<\/a>; in 2003, chapter 353<\/a>; in 2011, chapter 369<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":[{"id":377899,"section_number":"8.1A-306","catch_line":"Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach","order_by":null,"url":"\/8.1A-306\/"}],"permalink":{"id":1488815,"object_type":"law","relational_id":373196,"identifier":"59.1-481","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-481","url":"\/59.1-481\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/59.1-481\/","token":"59.1\/42.1\/59.1-481","dublin_core":{"Title":"Scope","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 59.1-481","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

a.<\/span> Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this chapter applies to electronic records<\/span> and electronic signatures<\/span> relating to a transaction<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

b.<\/span> This chapter does not apply to a transaction<\/span> to the extent it is governed by: <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

1.<\/span> A law<\/span> governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; and <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

2.<\/span> Title 8.1A except § 8.1A-306<\/a>, Title 8.3A, Title 8.4, Title 8.4A, Title 8.5A, Title 8.7, Title 8.8A, Title 8.9A, Title 8.10, and Title 8.11. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

c.<\/span> This chapter applies to an electronic record<\/span> or electronic signature<\/span> otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by law<\/span> other than those specified in subsection (b). <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

d.<\/span> A transaction<\/span> subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law<\/span>. <\/i><\/a><\/p><\/section>","plain_text":" CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nSCOPE (\u00a7 59.1-481)\n\na. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), this chapter applies to\nelectronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.\n\nb. This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by:\n\n 1. A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or\n testamentary trusts; and\n\n 2. Title 8.1A except § 8.1A-306, Title 8.3A, Title 8.4, Title 8.4A, Title\n 8.5A, Title 8.7, Title 8.8A, Title 8.9A, Title 8.10, and Title 8.11.\n\nc. This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature\notherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) to\nthe extent it is governed by law other than those specified in subsection (b).\n\nd. A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable\nsubstantive law.\n\nHISTORY: 2000, c. 995; 2001, c. 86; 2003, c. 353; 2011, c. 369.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}