{"formats":[{"name":"JSON","format":"json","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-json\/6.2-2023.json"},{"name":"Plain Text","format":"text","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-text\/6.2-2023.txt"},{"name":"XML","format":"xml","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-xml\/6.2-2023.xml"},{"name":"HTML","format":"html","url":"\/downloads\/2026\/code-html\/6.2-2023.html"}],"law_id":374063,"edition_id":2,"section_id":374063,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2023","catch_line":"Private right of action","history":"2004, c. 790, \u00a7 6.1-363.24; 2010, c. 794.","full_text":"Any person who suffers loss by reason of a violation of any provision of this chapter may bring a civil action to enforce such provision. Any person who is successful in such action shall recover reasonable attorney fees, expert witness fees, and court costs incurred by bringing such action.\n\n","order_by":null,"text":{"0":{"id":1396395,"text":"Any person who suffers loss by reason of a violation of any provision of this chapter may bring a civil action to enforce such provision. Any person who is successful in such action shall recover reasonable attorney fees, expert witness fees, and court costs incurred by bringing such action.","type":"section","prefixes":[""],"prefix":"","entire_prefix":"","prefix_anchor":"","level":1}},"ancestry":[{"id":53197,"edition_id":2,"name":"Agencies Providing Debt Management Plans","identifier":"20","label":"chapter","depth":3,"order_by":7,"parent_id":53187,"metadata":{"child_laws":26,"child_structures":0},"date_created":"2026-08-02 03:12:45","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:28:08","permalink":{"id":1493627,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":53197,"identifier":"20","token":"6.2\/III\/20","url":"\/6.2\/III\/20\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":53187,"edition_id":2,"name":"Other Regulated Providers of Financial Services","identifier":"III","label":"subtitle","depth":2,"order_by":3,"parent_id":53152,"metadata":{"child_laws":332,"child_structures":12},"date_created":"2026-08-02 03:12:17","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:28:07","permalink":{"id":1492723,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":53187,"identifier":"III","token":"6.2\/III","url":"\/6.2\/III\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}},{"id":53152,"edition_id":2,"name":"Financial Institutions and Services","identifier":"6.2","label":"title","depth":1,"order_by":10,"parent_id":null,"metadata":{"child_laws":961,"child_structures":89},"date_created":"2026-08-02 03:11:41","date_modified":"2026-08-02 12:27:53","permalink":{"id":1490251,"object_type":"structure","relational_id":53152,"identifier":"6.2","token":"6.2","url":"\/6.2\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1}}],"structure_contents":[{"id":374038,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2000","catch_line":"Definitions","url":"\/6.2-2000\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2000","metadata":false},{"id":374039,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2001","catch_line":"(Effective July 1, 2026) License requirement; exceptions","url":"\/6.2-2001\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2001","metadata":false},{"id":374040,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2002","catch_line":"Application for license; form; content; fee","url":"\/6.2-2002\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2002","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Cochran v. Fairfax County Board of Zoning Appeals","case_number":"Record 030982; Record 031770; Record 031771","citation":"267 Va. 756","date":"2004-04-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1059092\/cochran-v-fairfax-county-board-of-zoning-appeals\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. SENIOR JUSTICE RUSSELL .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"1":{"name":"Bd. of Zoning of the City of Virginia Beach v. Pennington","case_number":"031771","citation":null,"date":"2004-04-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1059105\/bd-of-zoning-of-the-city-of-virginia-beach-v-penni\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. Present: Hassell, C.J., Lacy, Koontz, Kinser, Lemons and .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"},"2":{"name":"Cochran v. FAIRFAX COUNTY BD. OF ZONING","case_number":"030982","citation":"594 S.E.2d 571","date":"2004-04-23","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/1059103\/cochran-v-fairfax-county-bd-of-zoning\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 594 S.E.2d 571 (2004) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"<abbr title=\"Supreme Court of Virginia\">SCV<\/abbr>"}}}},{"id":374041,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2003","catch_line":"Bond required","url":"\/6.2-2003\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2003","metadata":false},{"id":374042,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2004","catch_line":"Investigation of applications","url":"\/6.2-2004\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2004","metadata":false},{"id":374043,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2005","catch_line":"Qualifications","url":"\/6.2-2005\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2005","metadata":false},{"id":374044,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2006","catch_line":"Licenses; places of business; changes","url":"\/6.2-2006\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2006","metadata":false},{"id":374045,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2007","catch_line":"Acquisition of control; application","url":"\/6.2-2007\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2007","metadata":false},{"id":374046,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2008","catch_line":"Retention of books, accounts, and records; responding to Bureau","url":"\/6.2-2008\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2008","metadata":false},{"id":374047,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2009","catch_line":"Annual report","url":"\/6.2-2009\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2009","metadata":false},{"id":374049,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2010","catch_line":"Other reporting requirements","url":"\/6.2-2010\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2010","metadata":false},{"id":374050,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2011","catch_line":"Investigations; examinations","url":"\/6.2-2011\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2011","metadata":{"court_decisions":{"0":{"name":"Capital One Financial Corporation v. Commissioner","case_number":"10-1788","citation":null,"date":"2011-10-21","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2968580\/capital-one-financial-corporation-v-commissioner\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. PUBLISHED .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"},"1":{"name":"Capital One Financial Corp. v. Commissioner","case_number":"10-1788","citation":"659 F.3d 316","date":"2011-10-21","url":"https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/opinion\/2484672\/capital-one-financial-corp-v-commissioner\/","abstract":" .\u202f.\u202f. 659 F.3d 316 (2011) .\u202f.\u202f. ","court_html":"Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"}}}},{"id":374051,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2012","catch_line":"Annual fees","url":"\/6.2-2012\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2012","metadata":{"court_decisions":""}},{"id":374052,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2013","catch_line":"Regulations","url":"\/6.2-2013\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2013","metadata":false},{"id":374053,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2014","catch_line":"Required and prohibited business methods","url":"\/6.2-2014\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2014","metadata":false},{"id":374054,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2015","catch_line":"Fees and contributions","url":"\/6.2-2015\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2015","metadata":false},{"id":374055,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2016","catch_line":"Additional charges","url":"\/6.2-2016\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2016","metadata":false},{"id":374056,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2017","catch_line":"Advertising","url":"\/6.2-2017\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2017","metadata":false},{"id":374057,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2018","catch_line":"Suspension or revocation of license","url":"\/6.2-2018\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2018","metadata":false},{"id":374058,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2019","catch_line":"Cease and desist orders","url":"\/6.2-2019\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2019","metadata":false},{"id":374060,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2020","catch_line":"Notice of proposed suspension or revocation","url":"\/6.2-2020\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2020","metadata":false},{"id":374061,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2021","catch_line":"Civil penalties","url":"\/6.2-2021\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2021","metadata":false},{"id":374062,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2022","catch_line":"Criminal penalty","url":"\/6.2-2022\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2022","metadata":false},{"id":374063,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2023","catch_line":"Private right of action","url":"\/6.2-2023\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2023","metadata":false},{"id":374064,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2024","catch_line":"Authority of Attorney General; referral by Commission to Attorney General","url":"\/6.2-2024\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2024","metadata":false},{"id":374065,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2025","catch_line":"Violation of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act","url":"\/6.2-2025\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2025","metadata":false}],"previous_section":{"id":374062,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2022","catch_line":"Criminal penalty","url":"\/6.2-2022\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2022","metadata":false},"next_section":{"id":374064,"structure_id":53197,"section_number":"6.2-2024","catch_line":"Authority of Attorney General; referral by Commission to Attorney General","url":"\/6.2-2024\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2024","metadata":false},"metadata":false,"official_url":"https:\/\/law.lis.virginia.gov\/vacode\/6.2-2023\/","history_text":"<p>This law was first created in 2004. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?041+ful+CHAP0790\">790<\/a> of that year\u2019s edition of \u201cActs of Assembly,\u201d the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year. It has been modified 1 time. Those modifications are cataloged by \u201cThe Acts of Assembly,\u201d a state publication, by year and chapter. Those modifications that can be read on the General Assembly\u2019s website will be linked accordingly. That modification is as follows: in 2010, chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/legacylis.virginia.gov\/cgi-bin\/legp604.exe?101+ful+CHAP0794\">794<\/a>.<\/p>","references":false,"refers_to":false,"permalink":{"id":1493721,"object_type":"law","relational_id":374063,"identifier":"6.2-2023","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2023","url":"\/6.2-2023\/","edition_id":2,"permalink":0,"preferred":1},"url":"\/6.2-2023\/","token":"6.2\/III\/20\/6.2-2023","dublin_core":{"Title":"Private right of action","Type":"Text","Format":"text\/html","Identifier":"\u00a7 6.2-2023","Relation":"Code of Virginia"},"html":"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section><p>Any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> who suffers loss by reason of a violation of any provision of this chapter may bring a <span class=\"dictionary\">civil action<\/span> to enforce such provision. Any <span class=\"dictionary\">person<\/span> who is successful in such action shall recover reasonable attorney fees, <span class=\"dictionary\">expert witness<\/span> fees, and <span class=\"dictionary\">court<\/span> costs incurred by bringing such action.<\/p><\/section>","plain_text":"                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA\n\nPRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION (\u00a7 6.2-2023)\n\nAny person who suffers loss by reason of a violation of any provision of this\nchapter may bring a civil action to enforce such provision. Any person who is\nsuccessful in such action shall recover reasonable attorney fees, expert witness\nfees, and court costs incurred by bringing such action.\n\nHISTORY: 2004, c. 790, \u00a7 6.1-363.24; 2010, c. 794.","edition":{"id":2,"name":"2026","slug":"2026","date_created":"2026-07-16 18:40:23","date_modified":"2026-08-02 15:14:36","current":1,"order_by":2,"last_import":"2026-08-02 12:37:30"}}